Pando,
the world's largest living organism — and possibly its oldest — is
being destroyed by the voracious appetite of mule deer.
Also known as the trembling giant, Pando is a colony of quaking aspen that spans 106 acres (43 hectares) of south-central Utah...
Because of an explosion of deer
in the area, new sprouts from Pando are eaten before they have a chance
to mature, and the venerable organism is at risk of dying out
altogether.
"The
system is not replacing itself; it's highly out of balance," said Paul
Rogers, an ecologist at Utah State University and the director of the
Western Aspen Alliance.
A forest of one tree
To
the casual observer, Pando looks like an ordinary forest. But each tree
shares a common root system and is a genetically identical clone of its
forest pals. It's essentially a forest of one tree, Rogers said.
"What
you all think of as trees are actually one living and connected being,"
Rogers told Live Science. "Being in this grove or this forest to me is
pretty magical."
Though Pando has often been called the oldest living organism on Earth
(with some estimates claiming the stand is upward of 80,000 years old),
dating techniques for the colony are so imprecise that no one can say
for sure how old the grove is, Rogers said.
A closer look reveals that the majestic superorganism is in trouble. In short, Pando is aging fast.
"If
we had a community of 50,000 people and every one of them was over 80
years of age, we wouldn't have a very sustainable community," Rogers
said. "That is exactly what we're looking at with the Pando clone."
The
reason is that mule deer, and occasionally cattle, are devouring the
babies of the community before they have an opportunity to grow to
maturity. The problem has been going on for decades, Rogers said.
"It's
clear that nearly every sprout that comes up — they're technically
called suckers — is eaten almost immediately as it comes out of the
ground," Rogers said.
Meanwhile,
the older stems are almost all between 110 and 130 years old, which is
about the typical life span of individual quaking aspen stems, Rogers
said. The forest floor is covered with dead trees, and no new life is
coming in to replace it, he said.
Complicated problem
Mule deer and other herbivores became such a problem for Pando in recent decades in part because of humans.
"Humans have eliminated predators," Rogers said.
Without
wolves prowling the area, for instance, deer populations not only
explode, but the deer that do frequent an area become more brazen.
Instead of moving on quickly, they linger and munch on the nutrient-rich
sprouts to their hearts' content.
"It's akin to a salad bar or a candy store. It's very, very desirable to these herbivores," Rogers said.
What's
more, because state wildlife agencies fund themselves in part by
issuing hunting licenses, they have some incentive to keep the deer
populations high, so hunters don't go home empty-handed, Rogers said.
Finally, there are cabins near Pando, and one campground is located
within the grove itself, Rogers said. Because hunting near human
dwellings is prohibited, the deer tend to hang out in this area because
they know they'll be safe from hunters, he added.
Cattle
that come in from higher ground for a few weeks a year also pose
problems, because they may trample or eat the shoots during those
periods, Rogers said.
Possible solutions
Pando is dying, but Rogers, along with others at the Western Aspen Alliance,
an organization that works to promote healthy aspen ecosystems, are
looking for ways to save the trembling giant. Cattle come through the
area a few weeks a year, so persuading ranchers to take a slightly
different route for those few weeks could help, he said.
In a study published in February in the journal Ecosphere,
Rogers and his colleagues showed that fencing-in growing suckers had
some success in preventing deer from eating them, as long as the suckers
were actively protected until they were above "browsing" height of
about 6 feet (2 meters). (Above this height, most mule deer aren't tall
enough to easily eat these sprouts.)
However,
deer sometimes manage to get through these fences, so the fencing
strategy may need to be re-evaluated at some point, Rogers said.
Another
possible solution is to hire trained professionals to cull (read:
shoot) deer, Rogers said. Letting amateur hunters loose near
human-occupied areas like campgrounds or cabins isn't safe, but
professional sharpshooters are trained to do so safely.
It's
possible, too, that culling just a few animals could have an outsize
impact. Aspen have chemical defenses that leave a bad taste in animals'
mouths, so the deer that are munching on Pando are likely just a handful
of animals that have acquired adaptations that allow them to tolerate
the taste, Rogers said.
"It's really actually not a big number that are chronically feeding on that area," Rogers said.
Rogers is working with several different agencies and interest groups to find ways to save Pando that everyone can live with.
"I'm optimistic," Rogers said.
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